本书全面、深入地介绍了数字通信系统的基础理论和应用，内容包括数字调制和编码的基本理论以及频谱扩展通信、蜂窝式无线电通信和卫星通信等专业知识，并自始至终强调计算机模拟的应用。
　　全书内容精练。层次合理、论述清晰，并附有大量实例和习题，是高等院校通信，计算机及相关专业高年级本科生和低年级研究生的理想教材，对专业通信工程师也是很有价值的参考书。
　　本书介绍了在现实世界中，当处于重要位置上的网络设备遭到攻击，而又不能总是得到所需要的支持时．如何保障企业网络的安全。
　　Allan Liska是Symantec公司的安全工程师和UUNet公司的前网络架构师，他致力于网络安全的各方面的研究工作：从风险管理分析到访问控制，从Web／Email安全到日常的监控。他系统地分析了当今网络中最普遍的安全错误和安全脆弱性，并提供了可立即投入使用的实际解决方案。

本书的内容包括：
　　定量的安全风险分析并“推销”安全的重要性定义反映公司特点的安全模型将安全模型转换成有效的、可实施的策略使路由器和交换机成为网络防护的第一道防线通过验证、授权和审计进行访问控制配置安全的VPN和远程访问保护无线LAN和WAN在企业网络和公共Internet之间建立DMZ保护Web／应用服务器、DNS服务器、Email服务器和文件／打印服务器执行有效的日常网络安全管理、监控和记录日志攻击响应：检测、隔离、阻止、报告和起诉从始至终，作者把这些安全技术融合成案例的形式进行研究，向读者展示了如何将不安全的企业网重新设计成最安全的网络。

Rodger E.Ziemer毕业子明尼苏达大学，获博士学位，现任科罗拉多大学电子和计算机工程系教授。研究方向是数字通信(包括扩展频谱通信、蜂窝式无线电通信和卫星通信)以及通信的信号处理等。

The philosophy of this book remains the same as that of the first edition, in particular to provide an introduction to the essentials of digital communications based on sound math-ematical underpinnings and anchored in the literature of the various topics considered.
　　After providing a treatment of the basic theory of digital modulation and coding in the first eight chapters, the three additional specialized areas of spread spectrum, cellular, and satellite communications are given one-chapter overviews. The intent is to not only pro-vide firm foundation in the basic theory of digital communications, but to give an intro-duction to three areas that have provided the basis of a number of applications in recent years and show avenues of research that are currently receiving much attention. For ex-
ample, spread-spectrum communications includes the subafeas of code families with good correlation properties, multiuser detection, and ultra wideband communications for re-solving multipath channels. Cellular radio provides a host of research areas, such as ca-pacity optimization of multiuser communication systems and means for accommodating mixed-rate traffic. Satellite communications has enjoyed a resurgence of interest with the proposed (with one realized) low-earth orbit mobile voice communication systems, satel-lite navigational systems, and small aperture antenna system applications. With this phi-losophy, we feel that both the needs of the practicing engineer in the communications
industry and the senior/beginning graduate student are met. The former is provided with a means to review or self-study a topic of importance on the job, and the latter is provided
background in basic theory with an introduction to possible topics for further research.
　　Virtually all electrical engineering programs include a course on linear systems in the junior year, and this book is written under that assumption. However, since the con-
tent of these linear systems courses varies from program to program, an overview of lin-ear systems is included in Chapter 2. An additional reason for providing this information
is to set notation and define special signals used throughout the book.
　　Another assumption of the authors is that the typical student taking a course using this book will have had a junior-level course on probability. Often such courses contain
additional topics from statistics and random processes. However, since coverage of these topics varies from program to program, the necessary material on random processes for
　this book is included in Chapter 2. For those students that may not have had a prior course on probability, our recommendation is that one be taken before a course taught using this book is taken. However, for very diligent students who may not wish to do this,or whose probability course was taken in the distant past, Appendix A of this book provides a brief overview of the necessary topics from probability. This material may be reviewed in con-junction with Chapter 1 and will not be needed until the latter part of Chapter 2, where
random processes are covered.
　　After an introduction to the general features of digital communication systems,Chapter 1 includes an overview of channel characteristics and an introduction to link
power calculations. The latter subject is returned to in Chapters 10 and 11 in conjunction with a consideration of cellular radio and satellite communication links, espectively. The introduction of this subject in Chapter 1 provides a link between performance require-ments of communication systems in terms of signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver input and the requirements of transmitter power implied by the performance desired and the channel
attenuation characteristics.
　　As already mentioned, Chapter 2 is a review of signal and system theory, analog modulation, and random processes. In addition to providing definitions of basic signals
and setting notation, a very simple simulation of noise through a linear system (Butter-worth digital filter) is illustrated by an example. This sets the context for simulation of a simple digital communication system illustrated by example in Chapter 3. The student is
then encouraged to do his or her own simulations in several problems of Chapter 3.
　　In Chapter 3, the subject of digital data transmission is introduced. The receiver structure assumed is that of a linear filter followed by a threshold detector. Optimization
of the receiver filter through maximization of peak signal-to-root-mean-square noise ratio at its output leads to the concept of the classic matched filter receiver. The data transmis-sion schemes considered are binary. Although the channel is initially considered to be of infinite bandwidth, optimum systems for the sirictly bandlimited case are eventually con-sidered. Equalization methods for compensating for intersymbol interference introduced by bandlimiting in the channel are next considered. The chapter ends with a brief consid-eration of signal design for bandlimited channels and noise effect in pulse-code modulation systems.
　　The purpose of Chapter 4 is to provide a sound theoretical basis for the digital modulation systems introduced in Chapter 3, as well as to extend the results in several directions. The approach used is that of Bayes's detection couched in the language of signalspace. The background noise is assumed to be additive and white, which allows the use of any orthogonal basis function set that spans the signal space, giving a very clear geometric picture of the digital signal reception process. As an extension of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 considers M-ary digital data transmission and the explicit treatment of modulation
schemes suitable for practical channels. The concepts of equivalent bit error probability and bandwidth efficiency in terms of bits per second per hertz of bandwidth are intro-
duced in order to provide a basis of comparison of M-ary systems. The chapter ends with several example design problems and a basic introduction to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
　　Building on the ideal systems covered in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 takes up several topics that can be considered degradation sources for those ideal systems. Synchronization
methods at various levels (i.e., carrier, bit, and frame) are discussed, and the degradation imposed by imperfect carrier synchronization is characterized. Fading channel effects are
characterized and diversity transmission for combating them is discussed. The chapter ends by discussing envelope plots, eye diagrams, and phasor plots as means to characterize communication system performance and their generation by computer simulation is illustrated.
　　 Chapters 6 through 8 take up the subject of coding, with the elements of information theory and block coding considered in Chapter 6 and the elements of convolutional
coding considered in Chapter 7. Theoretical foundations are provided, but the major underlying objective of Chapters 6 and 7 is always one of system applications. All coding
techniques considered in Chapters 6 and 7 are characterized interms of their ability to lower the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a desired probability of bit error (power
efficiency) and the bits per second that can be supported per hertz of bandwidth (bandwidth efficiency). Chapter 8 provides a brief treatment of another error control scheme called automatic repeat request (ARQ), which utilizes a feedback channel.
　　Chapter 9 contains an overview of spread-spectrum communications. The important concept of multiuser detection is considered where, when signals from multiple users are
being received, the detection process takes into account their statistical characteristics and the improvement of detector performance over what could be obtained if the other-user signals were treated as noise.
　　Chapter 10 deals with cellular radio communications. The cellular concept is introduced along with the major degradations experienced in such systems including other-
user interference and multipath fading. First-and second-generation cellular systems are discussed and provide an excellent example of a case where the move has been made
from analog to digital transmission for several reasons.
　　Chapter 11 treats satellite communications as an example where digital communications concepts and applications have come into extensive use over the years. The concepts
are illustrated with several design examples. Characteristics of several low-earth orbit satellite communication systems for mobile phone communications are summarized.
　　The first edition of this book has been used successfully to teach courses on digital communications to ambitious undergraduates and first-year graduate students for several
years. Typically, after the introduction provided in Chapter 1 is covered, basic digital modulation theory and coding (Chapters 3-7) are covered after spending some time on
signal, system, and random process review. The use of computer simulation is emphasized from the start, with the assignment at about mid-semester of a computer simulation
project to be worked on throughout the semester. Weekly problem sets are assigned and graded. An in-class closed-book midterm examination is given to encourage students to
become intimately familiar with basic random process, modulation and digital detection principles (usually, this occurs at the end of Chapter 3). Depending on the scope of the
computer project and the initiative shown by the class, a final examination may or may not be given.
　　We wish to thank the many persons who have contributed either directly or indirectly to this book. These include our colleagues at various locations throughout the world. We specifically thank David Kisak of SAIC for his careful review and constructive criticism of Chapters 6 through 8, Nick Alexandru for his corrections of several examples in the first edition, Jerry Brand of Harris Corporation and John Haug of Motorola for their reading and constructive criticism of Chapter 10. The Office of Naval Research is acknowledged as indirectly supporting the writing of this book through research grants to Rodger Ziemer, as well as the National Science Foundation, which provided research and development time while he was a program officer there during the production of the second edition. We also thank the reviewers of the book for their helpful comments and suggestions, a majority of which have been incorporated. In particular, we acknowledge the input of Professor Vijay K. Jain, University of South Florida; Professor Peter Mathys,University of Colorado at Boulder; Professor Laurence B. Milstein, University of California at San Diego; Professor Peyton Z. Peebles, Jr., University of Florida; and Professor
William Tranter, Virginia Tech for the first edition. And we would also like to acknowledge the input of Mohammad Maqusi, Texas Tech University, and Richard J. Kozick,Bucknell University for this second edition.
　　Any errors or shortcomings that remain are the responsibility of the authors.
　　Most importantly, we thank our wives, Sandy Ziemer and Ann Clark, for their patience during the writing of both the first and second editions of the book, and the second
author thanks his daughter Diane Peterson for love and support during this project. The first author wishes to specifically mention his children, Amy Ziemer-Nilson and Mark
Ziemer, who apparently paid more attention to his writing activities than he thought both are now published authors themselves!
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Rodger Ziemer
Roger Peterson
January 17, 2000

Preface
1　Introduction to Digital Data Transmission
1.1　Introduction
1.2　Components of a Digital Communication System
1.2.1　General Considerations
1.2.2　Subsystems in a Typical Communication System
1.2.3　Capacity of a Communications Link
1.3　Communications Channel Modeling
1.3.1　Introduction
1.3.2　Specific Examples of Communication Channels
1.3.2.1　Propagation Channels
1.3.2.2　Land Line
1.3.2.3　Compact Disc (CD) Channels
1.3.3　Approaches to Communication Channel Modeling
1.3.3.1　Discrete Channel Approach
1.3.3.2　Waveform Description of Communication Channels
1.3.4　Interference and Distortion in Communication Channels
1.3.5　External Channel Propagation Considerations
1.4　Communication Link Power Calculations
1.4.1　Decibels in Communication System Performance Calculations
1.4.2　Calculation of Power Levels in Communication
Systems; Link Budgets
1.5　Driving Forces in Communications
1.6　Computer Use in Communication System Analysis and Design
1.7　Preview of the Book
References
Problems
2　Signals, Systems, Modulation, and Noise: Overview
2.1　Review of Signal and Linear System Theory
2.1.1　Introduction
2.1.2　Classification of Signals
2.1.3　Fundamental Properties of Systems
2.1.4　Complex Exponentials as Eigenfunctions
for a Fixed, Linear System; Frequency Response Function
2.1.5　Orthogonal Function Series
2.1.6　Complex Exponential Fourier Series
2.1.7　The Fourier Transform
2.1.8　Signal Spectra
2.1.9　Energy Relationships
2.1.10　System Analysis
2.2　Basic Analog Modulation Techniques
2.2.1　Double-Sideband Modulation
2.2.2　The Hilbert Transform; Single-Sideband Modulation
2.2.3　Angle Modulation
2.3　Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Signals
and Systems
2.3.1　Bandpass Signals
2.3.2　Bandpass Systems
2.4　Signal Distortion and Filtering
2.4.1　Distortionless Transmission and Ideal Filters
2.4.2　Group and Phase Delay
2.4.3　Nonlinear Systems and Nonlinear Distortion
2.5　Practical Filter Types and Characteristics
2.5.1　General Terminology
2.5.2　Butterworth Filters (Maximally Flat)
2.5.3　Chebyshev Filters (Equal Ripple)
2.5.4　Bessel (Maximally Flat Delay) Filters
2.6　Sampling Theory
2.6.1　The Lowpass Sampling Theorem
2.6.2　Nonideal Effects in Sampling
2.6.3　Sampling of Bandpass Signals
2.6.4　Oversampling and Downsamplingto Ease Filter Requirements
2.6.5　Pulse Code Modulation
2.6.6　Differential Pulse Code Modulation
2.7　Random Processes
2.7.1　Mathematical Description of Random Processes
2.7.2　Input-Output Relationships for Fixed Linear Systems
with Random Inputs; Power Spectral Density
2.7.2.1　Partial Descriptions
2.7.2.2　Output Statistics of Linear Systems
2.7.2.3　The Central and Noncentral Chi-Square
Distributions
2.7.3　Examples of Random Processes
2.7.4　Narrowband Noise Representation
2.7.5　Distributions of Envelopes of Narrowband
Gaussian Processes
2.8　Computer Generation of Random Variables
2,8.1　Introduction
2.8.2　Generation of Random Variables Having
a Specific Distribution
2.8.3　Spectrum of a Simulated White Noise Process
2.8.4　Generation of Pseudo-Noise Sequences
2.9　Summary
References
Problems
3　Basic Digital Communication Systems
3.1　Introduction
3.2　The Binary Digital Communications Problem
3.2.1　Binary Signal Detection in AWGN
3.2.2　The Matched Filter
3.2.3　Application of the Matched Filter to Binary
Data Detection
3.2.3.1　General Formula for PE
3.2.3.2　Antipodal Baseband Signaling
3.2.3.3　Baseband Orthogonal Signaling
3.2.3.4　Baseband On-Off Signaling
3.2.4　Correlator Realization of Matched Filter Receivers
3.3　Signaling Through Bandlimited Channels
3.3.1　System Model
3.3.2　Designing for Zero ISI: Nyquist's Pulse-Shaping
Criterion
3.3.3　Optimum Transmit and Receive Filters
3.3.4　Shaped Transmit Signal Spectra
3.3.5　Duobinary Signaling
3.4　Equalization in Digital Data Transmission
3.4.1　Introduction
3.4.2　Zero-Forcing Equalizers
3.4.3　Minimum Mean-Square Error Equalization
3.4.4　Adaptive Weight Adjustment
3.4.5　 Other Equalizer
3.4.8　Equalizer Performance
3.5　A Digital Communication System Simulation, Example
3.6　Noise Effects in Pulse Code Modulation
3.7　Summary
References
Problems
4　Signal-Space Methods in Digital Data Transmission
4.1　Introduction
4.2　Optimum Receiver Principals in Terms of Vector Spaces
4.2.1　Maximum a Posteriori Detectors
4.2.2　Vector Representation of Signals
4.2.2.1　K-Dimensional Signal Space
Representation of the Received Waveform
4.2.2.2　Scalar Product
4.2.2.3　Gram-Schmidt Procedure
4.2.2.4　Schwarz's Inequality
4.2.2.5　Parseval's Theorem
4.2.3　MAP Detectors in Terms of Signal Spaces
4.2.4　Performance Calculations for MAP Receivers
4.3　Performance Analysis of Coherent Digital Signaling Schemes
4.3.1　Coherent Binary Systems
4.3.2　Coherent Mary Orthogonal Signal Schemes
4.3.3　M-ary Phase-Shift Keying
4.3.4　Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation
4.4　Signaling Schemes Not Requiring Coherent References
at the Receiver
4.4.1　Noncoherent Frequency-Shift Keying (NFSK)
4.4.2　Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)
4.5　Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems
4.5.1　Bit Error Probabilities from Symbol
Error Probabilities
4.5.2　Bandwidth Efficiencies of Mary Digital
Communication Systems
4.6　Comparison of M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes
on Power and Bandwidth-Equivalent Bases
4.6.1　Coherent Digital Modulation Schemes
4.6.2　Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes
4.7　Some Commonly Used Modulation Schemes
4.7.1　Quadrature-Multiplexed Signaling Schemes
4.7.1.1　Quadrature Multiplexing
4.7.1.2　Quadrature and Offset-Quadrature
Phase-Shift Keying
4.7.3.1 Minimum-Shift Keying
4.7.1.4　Performance of Digital Quadrature Modulation Systems
4.7.2　Gausslan MSK
4.7.3　/4-Differential QPSK
4.7.4　Power Spectra for Quadrature Modulation Schemes
4.8　Design Examples and System Tradeoffs
4.9　Multi-h Continuous Phase Modulation
4.9.1　Description of the Multi-h CPM Signal Format
4.9.2　Calculation of Power Spectra for Multi-h CPM Signals
4.9.3　Synchronization Considerations for Multi-h CPM Signals
4.10　Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
4.10.1　Introduction
4.10.2　The Idea behind OFDM
4.10.3　Mathematical Description of DFT-Implemented OFDM
4.10.4　Effect of Fading on OFDM Detection
4.10.5　Parameter Choices and Implementation Issues in OFDM
4.10.5.1　OFDM Symbol Rate for Combating Delay Spread
4.10.5.2　Realizing Diversity in OFDM
4,10.5.3　Implementation Issues
4.10.6　Simulation of OFDM Waveforms
4.11　Summary
References
Problems
5　Channel Degradations in Digital Communications
5.1　Introduction
5.2　Synchronization in Communication Systems
5.2.1　Carrier Synchronization
5.2.2　Symbol Synchronization
5.2.3　Frame Synchronization
5.3　The Effects of Slow Signal Fading in Communication Systems
5.3.1　Performance of Binary Modulation Schemes in Rayleigh Fading Channels
5.3.1.1　Introduction
5.3.1.2　Bit Error Probability Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading
5.3.1.3　The Use of Path Diversity to Improve
Performance in Fading
5.3.1.4　DPSK Performance in Moderately
5.3.2　Performance of M-ary Modulation Schemes in Slow Fading
5.3.2.1　Introduction
5.3.2.2　M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading
5.3.2.3　M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Ricean Fading
5.3.2.4　M-ary QAM Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading
5.3.2.5　M-ary Noncoherent FSK Performance in Slow Ricean Fading
5.3.3　M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Fading
with Diversity
5.3.3.1　Rayleigh Fading
5.3.3.2　Ricean Fading
5.4　Diagnostic Tools for Communication System Design
5.4.1　Introduction
5.4.2　Eye Diagrams
5.4.3　Envelope Functions for Digital Modulation Methods
5.4.4　Phasor Plots for Digital Modulation Systems
5.5　Summary
References
Problems
6　Fundamentals of Information Theory and Block Coding
6.1　Introduction
6.2　Basic Concepts of Information Theory
6.2.1　Source Coding
6.2.2　LempeI-Ziv Procedures
6.2.3　Channel Coding and Capacity
6.2.3.1　General Considerations
6.2.3.2　Shannon's Capacity Formula
6.2.3.3　Capacityof Discrete Memoryless Channels
6.2.3.4　Computational Cutoff Rate
6.3　Fundamentals of Block Coding
6.3.1　Basic Concepts
6.3.3.1　Definition of a Block Code
6.3.3.2　Hamming Distance and Hamming Weight
6.3.3.3　Error Vectors
6.3.3.4　Optimum Decoding Rule
6.3.3.5　Decoding Regions and Error Probability
6.3.3.6　Coding Gain
6.3.3.7　Summary
6.3.2　Linear Codes
6.3.2.1　Modulo-2 Vector Arithmetic
6.3.2.2　Binary Linear Vector Spaces
6.3.2.3　Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.4　Systematic Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.5　Distance Properties of Linear Block Codes
6.3.2.6　Decoding Using the Standard Array
6.3.2.7　Error Probabilities for Linear Codes
6.3.3　Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.1　Definition of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.2　Polynomial Arithmetic
6.3.3.3　Properties of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.4　Encoding of Cyclic Codes
6.3.3.5　Decoding of Cyclic Codes
6.3.4　Hamming Codes
6.3.4.1　Definition of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.2　Encoding of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.3　Decoding of Hamming Codes
6.3.4.4　Performance of Hamming Cods
6.3.5　BCH Codes
6.3.5.1　Definition and Encoding for BCH Codes
6.3.5.2　Decoding of BCH Codes
6.3.5.3　Performance of BCH Codes
6.3.6　Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.1　Definition of Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.2　Decoding the Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.6.3　Performance of the Reed-Solomon Codes
6.3.7　The Golay Code
6.3.7.1　Definition of the Golay Code
6.3.7.2　Decoding the Golay Code
6.3.7.3　Performance of the Golay Code
6.4　Coding Performance in Slow Fading Channels
6.5　Summary
References
Problems
Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding
7.1　Introduction
7.2　Basic Concepts
7.2.1　Definition of Convolutional Codes
7.2.2　Decoding Convolutional Codes
7.2.3　Potential Coding Gains for Soft Decisions
7.2.4　Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes
7.3　The Viterbi Algorithm
7.3.1　Hard Decision Decoding
7.3.2　Soft Decision Decoding
7.3.3　Decoding Error Probability
7.3.4　Bit Error Probability
7.4　Good Convolutional Codes and Their Performance
7.5　Other Topics
7.5.1　Sequential Decoding
7.5.2　Theshold Decoding
7.5.3　Concatenated Reed-Solomon/Convolutional Coding
7.5.4　Punctured Convolutional Codes
7.5.5　Trellis-Coded Modulation
7.5.6　Turbo Codes
7.5.7　Applications
7.6　Summary
References
Problems
8　Fundamentals of Repeat Request Systems
8.1　Introduction
8.2　General Considerations
8.3　Three ARQ Strategies
8.3.1　Stop-and-Wait ARQ
8.3.1.1　General Description
8.3.1.2　Throughput Calculation
8.3.2　Go-Back-N ARQ
8.3.2.1　General Description
8.3.2.2　Throughput Calculation
8.3.3　Selective Repeat ARQ
8.3.3.1　General Description
8.3,3.2　Throughput Calculation
8.4　Codes for Error Detection
8.4.1　General Considerations
8.4.2　Hamming Codes
8.4.3　BCH Codes
8.4.4　Golay Codes
8.5　Summary
References
Problems
9　Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.1　introduction
9.2　Two Communication Problems
9.2.1　Pulse-Noise Jamming
9.2.2　Low Probability of Detection
9.3　Types of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.3.1　 BPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
9.3.2　QPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
9.3.3　Noncoherent Slow-Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum
9.3.4　Noncoherent Fast-Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum
9.3.5　Hybrid Direct-Sequence/Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum
9.4　Complex-Envelope Representation of Spread-Spectrum
Systems
9.5　Generation and Properties of Pseudorandom Sequences
9.5.1　Definitions and Mathematical Background
9.5.2　m-Sequence Generator Configurations
9.5.3　Properties of m-Sequences
9.5.4　Power Spectrum of m-Sequences
9.5.5　Tables of Polynomials Yielding m-Sequences
9.5.6　Security of m-Sequences
9.5.7　Gold Codes
9.5.8　Kasami Sequences (Small Set)
9.5.9　Quaternary (Four-Phase) Sequences
9.5.10　Walsh Codes
9.6　Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.7　Performance of Spread-Spectrum Systems in Jamming Environments
9.7.1　Introduction
9.7.2　Types of Jammers
9.7.3　Combating Smart Jammers
9.7.4　Error Probabilities for Barrage Noise Jammers
9.7.5　Error Probabilities for Optimized Partial Band
or Pulsed Jammers
9.8　Performance in Multiple User Environments
9.9　Multiuser Detection
9.10　Examples of Spread-Spectrum Systems
9.10.1　Space Shuttle Spectrum Despreader
9.10.2　Global Positioning System
9,11　Summary
References
Problems
10　Introduction to Cellular Radio Communications
10.1　Introduction
10.2　Frequency Reuse
10.3　Channel Models
10.3.1　Path Loss and Shadow Fading Models
10.3.1.1　Free Space Path Loss
10.3.1.2　Flat Earth Path Loss
10.3.1.3　Okumura/Hata Path Attenuation Model
10.3.1.4　Log-Normal Shadow Fading
10.3.2　Multipath Channel Models
10.3.2.1　Rayleigh Fading (Unresolvable-Multipath)Models
10.3.2.2　Ricean (Unresolvable) Fading
10.3.2.3　Summary
10.3.2.4　Resolvable Multipath Components
10.3.2.5　A Mathematical Model for the WSSUS Channel
10.4　Mitigation Techniques for the Multipath Fading Channel
10.4.1　Introduction
10.4.2　Space Diversity
10.4.3　Frequency Diversity
10.4.4　Time Diversity
10.4.5　Multipath Diversity and RAKE Receivers
10.5　System Design and Performance Prediction
10.5.1　Introduction
10.5.2　Performance Figures of Merit
10.5.3　Frequency Reuse
10.5.4　Cells Are Never Hexagons
10.5.5　Interference Averaging
10.6　Advanced Mobile Phone Service
10.6.1　Introduction
10.6.2　Call Setup and Control
10.6.3　Modulation and Signaling Formats
10.7　Global System for Mobile Communications
10.7.1　Introduction
10.7.2　System Overview
10.7.3　Modulation and Signaling Formats
10.7.4　Summary and Additional Comments
10.8　Code Division Multiple Access
10.8.1　Introduction
10.8.2　Forward Link Description
10.8.3　Reverse Link Description
10.8.4　Capacity of CDMA
10.8.5　Additional Comments
10.9　Recommended Further Reading
10.9.1　Cellular Concepts and Systems
10.9.2　Channel Modeling and Propagation
10.9.3　Concluding Remarks
References
Problems
11　Satellite Communications
11.1　Introduction
11.1.1　A Brief History of Satellite Communications
11.1.2　Basic Concepts and Terminology
11.1.3　Orbital Relationships
11.1.4　Antenna Coverage
11.2　Allocation of a Satellite Transmission Resource
11.2.1　FDMA
11.2.2　TDMA
11.2.3　CDMA
11.3　Link Power Budget Analysis
11.3.1　Bent-Pipe Relay
11.3.2　Demod/Remod (Regenerative) Digital Transponder
11.3.3　Adjacent Channel Interference
11.3.4　Adjacent Satellite Interference
11.3.5　Power Division in Limiting Repeaters
11.4　Examples of Link Power Budget Calculations
11.5　Low- and Medium-Earth Orbit Voice Messaging Satellite Systems
11.6　Summary
References
Problems
A　Probability and Random Variables
A.1　Probability Theory
A.1.1　Definitions
A.1.2　Axioms
A.1.3　Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probabilities
A.2　Random Variables, Probability Density Functions,and Averages
A.2.1　Random Variables
A.2.2　Probability Distribution and Density Functions
A.2.3　Averages of Random Variables
A.3　Characteristic Function and Probability Generating Function
A.3.1　Characteristic Function
A.3.2　Probability Generating Function
A.4　Transformations of Random Variables
A.4.1　General Results
A.4.2　Linear Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables
A.5　Central Limit Theorem
References
Problems
B　Characterization of Internally Generated Noise
References
Problems
C　Attenuation of Radio-Wave Propagation by Atmospheric
Gases and Rain
D　Generation of Coherent References
D.1　Introduction
D.2　Description of Phase Noise and Its Properties
D.2.1　General Considerations
D.2.2　Phase and Frequency Noise Power Spectra
D.2.3　Allan Variance
D.2.4　Effect of Frequency Multipliers and Dividers
on Phase-Noise Spectra
D.3　Phase-Lock Loop Models and Characteristics of Operation
D.3.1　Synchronized Mode: Linear Operation
D.3.2　Effects of Noise
D.3.3　Phase-Locked-Loop Tracking of Oscillators with Phase Noise
D.3,4　Phase Jitter Plus Noise Effects
D.3.5　Transient Response
D.3.6　Phase-Locked-Loop Acquisition
D.3.7　Effects of Transport Delay
D.4　Frequency Synthesis
D.4.1　Digital Synthesizers
D.4.2　Direct Synthesis
D,4.2.1　Configurations
D.4.2.2　Spurious Frequency Component Generation
in Direct Synthesizers
D.4.3　Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers
D.4.3.1　Configurations
D.4.3.2　Output Phase Noise
D.4.3.3　Spur Generation in Indirect Synthesizers
References
Problems
E　Gausslan Probability Function
Reference
F　Mathematical Tables
F.1　The Sinc Function
F.2　Trigonometric Identities
F.3　Indefinite integrals
F.4　Definite Integrals
F.5　Series Expansions
F.6　Fourier Transform Theorems
F.7　Fourier Transform Pairs
Index

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